For a rather exhaustive international list of individual nuclear weapons and models see List of nuclear weapons

Types of conventional bombs:

Dirty Bomb is an intense Free-to-Play competitive shooter from Splash Damage, creators of Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory. A dirty blast is a drink used in the first subquest of Recipe for Disaster.It is made by adding ashes to a fruit blast.Its premade counterpart obtained from Blurberry's Bar will not work. Additionally, you cannot add the ashes until after the quest begins. Creating a dirty blast gives 5 Cooking experience.

• Bunker buster (can be nuclear)
• Fireworks (Non-harmful)
• Flour bomb (made with flour)
• Stink bomb - Stink bombs range in effectiveness from simple pranks to military grade or riot control chemical agents.
• Suicide bomb or suicide bomberOMI (Ongoing Military Investigation)
• Trinitrotoluene aka TNT

Types of non-conventional bombs:

• The MOAB (Mother of All Bombs)
• the FOAB (Father of All Bombs)

Specific bomb models:

• BLU-82 (conventional)
• GBU-43 Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb (conventional)

.A nuclear weapon (also called an atom bomb, nuke, atomic bomb, nuclear warhead, A-bomb, or nuclear bomb) is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from, either (fission bomb) or from a combination of fission and reactions. Both bomb types release large quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter. The of a released an amount of energy approximately equal to 20,000 (84 ).

The first released energy approximately equal to 10 million tons of TNT (42 PJ). A thermonuclear weapon weighing little more than 2,400 pounds (1,100 kg) can release energy equal to more than 1.2 million tons of TNT (5.0 PJ). A nuclear device no larger than traditional bombs can devastate an entire city by blast, fire,. Since they are, the of nuclear weapons is a focus of policy.Nuclear weapons have been used twice in, both times by the against near the end of.

On August 6, 1945, the detonated a gun-type nicknamed ' over the Japanese city of; three days later, on August 9, the U.S. Army Air Forces detonated a implosion-type fission bomb nicknamed ' over the Japanese city of. These bombings caused injuries that resulted in the deaths of approximately 200,000. The ethics of these bombings and their role in are subjects of.Since the, nuclear weapons have been detonated over two thousand times for and demonstration. Only possess such weapons or are suspected of seeking them.

The only countries known to have detonated nuclear weapons—and acknowledge possessing them—are (chronologically by date of first test) the, the (succeeded as a nuclear power by ), the,. Is believed to possess nuclear weapons, though, in a, it does not acknowledge having them., and the are states. Is the only country to have and then its nuclear weapons.The aims to reduce the spread of nuclear weapons, but its effectiveness has been questioned, and political tensions remained high in the 1970s and 1980s. Modernisation of weapons continues to this day. The two basic weapon designsAll existing nuclear weapons derive some of their explosive energy from nuclear fission reactions. Weapons whose explosive output is exclusively from fission reactions are commonly referred to as atomic bombs or atom bombs (abbreviated as A-bombs). This has long been noted as something of a, as their energy comes from the of the atom, just as it does with fusion weapons.In fission weapons, a mass of ( or ) is forced into —allowing an of —either by shooting one piece of sub-critical material into another (the 'gun' method) or by compression of a sub-critical sphere or cylinder of fissile material using chemically-fueled.

The latter approach, the 'implosion' method, is more sophisticated than the former.A major challenge in all nuclear weapon designs is to ensure that a significant fraction of the fuel is consumed before the weapon destroys itself. The amount of energy released by fission bombs can range from the equivalent of just under a ton to upwards of 500,000 tons (500 ) of (4.2 to 2.1 ×10 8 GJ).All fission reactions generate, the remains of the split atomic nuclei. Many fission products are either highly (but short-lived) or moderately radioactive (but long-lived), and as such, they are a serious form of. Fission products are the principal radioactive component of. Another source of radioactivity is the burst of free neutrons produced by the weapon.

When they collide with other nuclei in surrounding material, the neutrons transmute those nuclei into other isotopes, altering their stability and making them radioactive.The most commonly used fissile materials for nuclear weapons applications have been. Less commonly used has been. And some isotopes of may be usable for nuclear explosives as well, but it is not clear that this has ever been implemented, and their plausible use in nuclear weapons is a matter of dispute. Fusion weapons.

The basics of the for a hydrogen bomb: a fission bomb uses radiation to compress and heat a separate section of fusion fuel.The other basic type of nuclear weapon produces a large proportion of its energy in nuclear fusion reactions. Such fusion weapons are generally referred to as thermonuclear weapons or more colloquially as hydrogen bombs (abbreviated as H-bombs), as they rely on fusion reactions between isotopes of ( and ). All such weapons derive a significant portion of their energy from fission reactions used to 'trigger' fusion reactions, and fusion reactions can themselves trigger additional fission reactions.Only six countries—, United Kingdom, China, France, and —have conducted thermonuclear weapon tests. (Whether India has detonated a 'true' multi-staged is controversial.) claims to have tested a fusion weapon as of January 2016, though this claim is disputed. Thermonuclear weapons are considered much more difficult to successfully design and execute than primitive fission weapons.

Almost all of the nuclear weapons deployed today use the thermonuclear design because it is more efficient.Thermonuclear bombs work by using the energy of a fission bomb to compress and heat fusion fuel. In the, which accounts for all multi-megaton yield hydrogen bombs, this is accomplished by placing a fission bomb and fusion fuel (, or ) in proximity within a special, radiation-reflecting container. When the fission bomb is detonated, and emitted first compress the fusion fuel, then heat it to thermonuclear temperatures.

The ensuing fusion reaction creates enormous numbers of high-speed, which can then induce fission in materials not normally prone to it, such as. Each of these components is known as a 'stage', with the fission bomb as the 'primary' and the fusion capsule as the 'secondary'.

In large, megaton-range hydrogen bombs, about half of the yield comes from the final fissioning of depleted uranium.Virtually all thermonuclear weapons deployed today use the 'two-stage' design described above, but it is possible to add additional fusion stages—each stage igniting a larger amount of fusion fuel in the next stage. This technique can be used to construct thermonuclear weapons of arbitrarily large yield, in contrast to fission bombs, which are limited in their explosive force. The largest nuclear weapon ever detonated, the of the USSR, which released an energy equivalent of over 50 megatons of TNT (210 PJ), was a three-stage weapon. Most thermonuclear weapons are considerably smaller than this, due to practical constraints from missile warhead space and weight requirements.

Main articles:, andThere are other types of nuclear weapons as well. For example, a is a fission bomb that increases its explosive yield through a small number of fusion reactions, but it is not a fusion bomb.

In the boosted bomb, the neutrons produced by the fusion reactions serve primarily to increase the efficiency of the fission bomb. There are two types of boosted fission bomb: internally boosted, in which a deuterium-tritium mixture is injected into the bomb core, and externally boosted, in which concentric shells of lithium-deuteride and depleted uranium are layered on the outside of the fission bomb core.Some nuclear weapons are designed for special purposes; a is a thermonuclear weapon that yields a relatively small explosion but a relatively large amount of neutron; such a device could theoretically be used to cause massive casualties while leaving infrastructure mostly intact and creating a minimal amount of fallout. The detonation of any nuclear weapon is accompanied by a blast of. Surrounding a nuclear weapon with suitable materials (such as or ) creates a weapon known as a. This device can produce exceptionally large quantities of long-lived. It has been conjectured that such a device could serve as a 'doomsday weapon' because such a large quantity of radioactivities with half-lives of decades, lifted into the stratosphere where winds would distribute it around the globe, would make all life on the planet extinct.In connection with the, research into the was conducted under the DOD program but this did not result in a working weapon. The concept involves the tapping of the energy of an exploding nuclear bomb to power a single-shot laser which is directed at a distant target.During the high-altitude nuclear test in 1962, an unexpected effect was produced which is called a.

This is an intense flash of electromagnetic energy produced by a rain of high energy electrons which in turn are produced by a nuclear bomb's gamma rays. This flash of energy can permanently destroy or disrupt electronic equipment if insufficiently shielded. It has been proposed to use this effect to disable an enemy's military and civilian infrastructure as an adjunct to other nuclear or conventional military operations against that enemy. Because the effect is produced by high altitude nuclear detonations, it can produce damage to electronics over a wide, even continental, geographical area.Research has been done into the possibility of: nuclear weapons that consist of fusion reactions without requiring a fission bomb to initiate them. Such a device might provide a simpler path to thermonuclear weapons than one that required development of fission weapons first, and pure fusion weapons would create significantly less nuclear fallout than other thermonuclear weapons, because they would not disperse fission products.

In 1998, the divulged that the United States had, '.made a substantial investment' in the past to develop pure fusion weapons, but that, 'The U.S. Does not have and is not developing a pure fusion weapon', and that, 'No credible design for a pure fusion weapon resulted from the DOE investment'., which consists of resembling ordinary particles in most of their properties but having opposite, has been considered as a trigger mechanism for nuclear weapons. A major obstacle is the difficulty of producing antimatter in large enough quantities, and there is no evidence that it is feasible beyond the military domain. However, the U.S.

Air Force funded studies of the physics of antimatter in the, and began considering its possible use in weapons, not just as a trigger, but as the explosive itself. A fourth generation nuclear weapon design is related to, and relies upon, the same principle as.Most variation in is for the purpose of achieving, and in manipulating design elements to attempt to minimize weapon size.

Weapons delivery. A demilitarized, of the Russian R-36; also known by the NATO reporting name:. Upon its first fielding in the late 1960s, the SS-18 remains the single highest missile delivery system ever built.The system used to a nuclear weapon to its target is an important factor affecting both. The design, development, and maintenance of delivery systems are among the most expensive parts of a nuclear weapons program; they account, for example, for 57% of the financial resources spent by the United States on nuclear weapons projects since 1940.The simplest method for delivering a nuclear weapon is a dropped from; this was the method used by the United States against Japan. This method places few restrictions on the size of the weapon. It does, however, limit attack range, response time to an impending attack, and the number of weapons that a country can field at the same time. With miniaturization, nuclear bombs can be delivered by both and tactical.

This method is the primary means of nuclear weapons delivery; the majority of U.S. Nuclear warheads, for example, are free-fall gravity bombs, namely the. Montage of an inert test of a United States (submarine launched ballistic missile), from submerged to the, or re-entry phase, of thePreferable from a strategic point of view is a nuclear weapon mounted on a, which can use a trajectory to deliver the warhead over the horizon.

Although even short-range missiles allow for a faster and less vulnerable attack, the development of long-range (ICBMs) and (SLBMs) has given some nations the ability to plausibly deliver missiles anywhere on the globe with a high likelihood of success.More advanced systems, such as (MIRVs), can launch multiple warheads at different targets from one missile, reducing the chance of a successful. Today, missiles are most common among systems designed for delivery of nuclear weapons. Making a warhead small enough to fit onto a missile, though, can be difficult.have involved the most variety of delivery types, including not only gravity bombs and missiles but also shells, and and for.

An atomic has been tested by the United States. Small, two-man portable tactical weapons (somewhat misleadingly referred to as ), such as the, have been developed, although the difficulty of combining sufficient yield with portability limits their military utility. Nuclear strategy. See also:, andNuclear warfare strategy is a set of policies that deal with preventing or fighting a nuclear war. The policy of trying to prevent an attack by a nuclear weapon from another country by threatening nuclear retaliation is known as the strategy of. The goal in deterrence is to always maintain a second strike capability (the ability of a country to respond to a nuclear attack with one of its own) and potentially to strive for status (the ability to destroy an enemy's nuclear forces before they could retaliate). During the Cold War, policy and military theorists considered the sorts of policies that might prevent a nuclear attack, and they developed models that could lead to stable deterrence conditions.

The now decommissioned United States' was an developed to replace the in the late 1980s. Each missile, like the Russian, could contain up to ten nuclear warheads (shown in red), each of which could be aimed at a different target. A factor in the development of was to make complete difficult for an enemy country.Different forms of (see above) allow for different types of nuclear strategies. The goals of any strategy are generally to make it difficult for an enemy to launch a pre-emptive strike against the weapon system and difficult to defend against the delivery of the weapon during a potential conflict. This can mean keeping weapon locations hidden, such as deploying them on or land mobile whose locations are difficult to track, or it can mean protecting weapons by burying them in hardened bunkers. Other components of nuclear strategies included using missile defenses to destroy the missiles before they land, or implementing measures using early-warning systems to evacuate citizens to safe areas before an attack.Weapons designed to threaten large populations or to deter attacks are known as. Nuclear weapons for use on a in military situations are called.Critics of nuclear war strategy often suggest that a nuclear war between two nations would result in mutual annihilation.

From this point of view, the significance of nuclear weapons is to deter war because any nuclear war would escalate out of mutual distrust and fear, resulting in. This threat of national, if not global, destruction has been a strong motivation for anti-nuclear weapons activism.Critics from the peace movement and within the military establishment have questioned the usefulness of such weapons in the current military climate.

According to an issued by the in 1996, the use of (or threat of use of) such weapons would generally be contrary to the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict, but the court did not reach an opinion as to whether or not the threat or use would be lawful in specific extreme circumstances such as if the survival of the state were at stake.Another position is that can be desirable. In this case, it is argued that, unlike conventional weapons, nuclear weapons deter all-out war between states, and they succeeded in doing this during the between the U.S. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Gen. Of France, an adviser to, argued in books like The Balance of Terror: Strategy for the Nuclear Age (1961) that mere possession of a nuclear arsenal was enough to ensure deterrence, and thus concluded that the spread of nuclear weapons could increase.

Some prominent scholars, such as and, have argued, along the lines of Gallois, that some forms of nuclear proliferation would decrease the likelihood of, especially in troubled regions of the world where there exists a single nuclear-weapon state. Aside from the public opinion that opposes proliferation in any form, there are two schools of thought on the matter: those, like Mearsheimer, who favored selective proliferation, and Waltz, who was somewhat more non. Interest in proliferation and the that it generates continues to this day, with ongoing debate about indigenous Japanese and nuclear deterrent against.The threat of potentially suicidal terrorists possessing nuclear weapons (a form of ) complicates the decision process. The prospect of might not deter an enemy who expects to die in the confrontation. Further, if the initial act is from a stateless instead of a sovereign nation, there might not be a nation or specific target to retaliate against. It has been argued, especially after the, that this complication calls for a new nuclear strategy, one that is distinct from that which gave relative stability during the Cold War. Since 1996, the United States has had a policy of allowing the targeting of its nuclear weapons at terrorists armed with.argues that although traditional deterrence is not an effective approach toward terrorist groups bent on causing a nuclear catastrophe, Gallucci believes that 'the United States should instead consider a policy of expanded deterrence, which focuses not solely on the would-be nuclear terrorists but on those states that may deliberately transfer or inadvertently leak nuclear weapons and materials to them.

By threatening retaliation against those states, the United States may be able to deter that which it cannot physically prevent.' .makes a similar case, arguing that the key to expanded deterrence is coming up with ways of tracing nuclear material to the country that forged the fissile material. 'After a nuclear bomb detonates, cops would collect debris samples and send them to a laboratory for radiological analysis. By identifying unique attributes of the fissile material, including its impurities and contaminants, one could trace the path back to its origin.'

The process is analogous to identifying a criminal by fingerprints. 'The goal would be twofold: first, to deter leaders of nuclear states from selling weapons to terrorists by holding them accountable for any use of their weapons; second, to give leaders every incentive to tightly secure their nuclear weapons and materials.'

According to the Pentagon's June 2019 ' of the Joint Chiefs of Staffs website Publication, 'Integration of nuclear weapons employment with conventional and special operations forces is essential to the success of any mission or operation.' Governance, control, and law.

The was created in 1957 to encourage peaceful development of nuclear technology while providing international safeguards against nuclear proliferation.Because they are weapons of mass destruction, the proliferation and possible use of nuclear weapons are important issues in international relations and diplomacy. In most countries, the use of nuclear force can only be authorized by the. Despite controls and regulations governing nuclear weapons, there is an inherent danger of 'accidents, mistakes, false alarms, blackmail, theft, and sabotage'.In the late 1940s, lack of mutual trust prevented the United States and the Soviet Union from making progress on arms control agreements. The was issued in on July 9, 1955, by in the midst of the Cold War. It highlighted the dangers posed by nuclear weapons and called for world leaders to seek peaceful resolutions to international conflict. The signatories included eleven pre-eminent intellectuals and scientists, including, who signed it just days before his death on April 18, 1955. A few days after the release, philanthropist offered to sponsor a conference—called for in the manifesto—in, Eaton's birthplace.

This conference was to be the first of the, held in July 1957.By the 1960s, steps were taken to limit both the proliferation of nuclear weapons to other countries and the environmental effects of. The (1963) restricted all nuclear testing to, to prevent contamination from nuclear fallout, whereas the (1968) attempted to place restrictions on the types of activities signatories could participate in, with the goal of allowing the transference of non-military to member countries without fear of proliferation. UN vote on adoption of the on 7 July 2017Yes No Did not voteIn 1957, the (IAEA) was established under the mandate of the to encourage development of peaceful applications of nuclear technology, provide international safeguards against its misuse, and facilitate the application of safety measures in its use.

In 1996, many nations signed the, which prohibits all testing of nuclear weapons. A testing ban imposes a significant hindrance to nuclear arms development by any complying country. The Treaty requires the ratification by 44 specific states before it can go into force; as of 2012, the ratification of eight of these states is still required.Additional treaties and agreements have governed nuclear weapons stockpiles between the countries with the two largest stockpiles, the United States and the Soviet Union, and later between the United States and Russia. These include treaties such as (never ratified), (expired), (never ratified), and, as well as non-binding agreements such as and the Presidential Nuclear Initiatives of 1991. Even when they did not enter into force, these agreements helped limit and later reduce the numbers and types of nuclear weapons between the United States and the Soviet Union/Russia.Nuclear weapons have also been opposed by agreements between countries. Many nations have been declared, areas where nuclear weapons production and deployment are prohibited, through the use of treaties.

The (1967) prohibited any production or deployment of nuclear weapons in and the, and the (1964) prohibits nuclear weapons in many African countries. As recently as 2006 a was established among the former Soviet republics of Central Asia prohibiting nuclear weapons. Large stockpile with global range (dark blue), smaller stockpile with global range (medium blue), small stockpile with regional range (light blue).In 1996, the, the highest court of the United Nations, issued an Advisory Opinion concerned with the '. The court ruled that the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons would violate various articles of, including the, the, the, and the.

Given the unique, destructive characteristics of nuclear weapons, the calls on States to ensure that these weapons are never used, irrespective of whether they consider them lawful or not.Additionally, there have been other, specific actions meant to discourage countries from developing nuclear arms. In the wake of the tests by India and Pakistan in 1998, economic sanctions were (temporarily) levied against both countries, though neither were signatories with the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. One of the stated for the initiation of the 2003 was an accusation by the United States that Iraq was actively pursuing nuclear arms (though this was soon discovered as the program had been discontinued). In 1981, Israel had being constructed in, in what it called an attempt to halt Iraq's previous nuclear arms ambitions; in 2007, Israel being constructed in.In 2013, said that governments of France, India, North Korea, Pakistan, UK, and South Africa have used nuclear power and/or research reactors to assist nuclear weapons development or to contribute to their supplies of nuclear explosives from military reactors.The two tied-for-lowest points for the have been in 1953, when the Clock was set to two minutes until midnight after the U.S.

And the Soviet Union began testing hydrogen bombs, and in 2018, following the failure of world leaders to address tensions relating to nuclear weapons and climate change issues. The and United States nuclear weapon stockpiles throughout the until 2015, with a precipitous drop in total numbers following the end of the Cold War in 1991.Nuclear disarmament refers to both the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons and to the end state of a nuclear-free world, in which nuclear weapons are eliminated.Beginning with the 1963 and continuing through the 1996, there have been many treaties to limit or reduce nuclear weapons testing and stockpiles. The 1968 has as one of its explicit conditions that all signatories must 'pursue negotiations in good faith' towards the long-term goal of 'complete disarmament'. The nuclear weapon states have largely treated that aspect of the agreement as 'decorative' and without force.Only one country—South Africa—has ever fully renounced nuclear weapons they had independently developed. The former Soviet republics of, and returned Soviet nuclear arms stationed in their countries to Russia after the.Proponents of nuclear disarmament say that it would lessen the probability of nuclear war, especially accidentally. Critics of nuclear disarmament say that it would undermine the present and deterrence and would lead to increased global instability. Various American elder statesmen, who were in office during the period, have been advocating the elimination of nuclear weapons.

These officials include,. In January 2010, stated that 'no issue carries more importance to the long-term health and security of humanity than the effort to reduce, and perhaps one day, rid the world of nuclear weapons'. Workers use equipment provided by the U.S. To dismantle a Soviet-era missile silo. After the end of the Cold War, Ukraine and the other non-Russian, post-Soviet republics relinquished Soviet nuclear stockpiles to Russia.In January 1986, Soviet leader publicly proposed a three-stage program for abolishing the world's nuclear weapons by the end of the 20th century. In the years after the end of the Cold War, there have been numerous campaigns to urge the abolition of nuclear weapons, such as that organized by the movement, and the goal of a 'world without nuclear weapons' was advocated by United States President in an April 2009 speech in.

A poll from April 2010 indicated that the American public was nearly evenly split on the issue.Some analysts have argued that nuclear weapons have made the world relatively safer, with peace through and through the, including in south Asia. Has argued that nuclear weapons have helped keep an uneasy peace, and further nuclear weapon proliferation might even help avoid the large scale conventional wars that were so common before their invention at the end of.

But former Secretary says there is a new danger, which cannot be addressed by deterrence: 'The classical notion of deterrence was that there was some consequences before which aggressors and evildoers would recoil. In a world of suicide bombers, that calculation doesn’t operate in any comparable way'.

Has said, 'If you think of the people who are doing suicide attacks, and people like that get a nuclear weapon, they are almost by definition not deterrable'.As of early 2019, more than 90% of world's 13,865 nuclear weapons were owned by Russia and the United States. United Nations. See also:.

21 August 1945: While conducting impromptu experiments on a third core (an alloy of plutonium and gallium) which had been prepared for atomic warfare at, physicist received a lethal dose of radiation. He died on 15 September 1945. 21 May 1946: While conducting further impromptu experiments on the third plutonium core at Los Alamos National Laboratory, physicist received a lethal dose of radiation.

He died on 30 May 1946. After these 2 incidents, the core was used to construct a bomb for use on the Nevada Test Range. February 13, 1950: a in northern after jettisoning a. This was the first such in history.

The accident was designated a '—an accident involving a nuclear weapon but which does not present a risk of war. Experts believe that up to 50 nuclear weapons were lost during the Cold War. May 22, 1957: a 42,000-pound (19,000 kg) accidentally fell from a bomber near Albuquerque, New Mexico. The detonation of the device's conventional explosives destroyed it on impact and formed a crater 25 feet (7.6 m) in diameter on land owned by the.

According to a researcher at the Natural Resources Defense Council, it was one of the most powerful bombs made to date. June 7, 1960: the destroyed a nuclear missile and shelter and contaminated the in New Jersey. January 24, 1961: the occurred near. A carrying two nuclear bombs broke up in mid-air, dropping its nuclear payload in the process., where a attack aircraft with a nuclear weapon fell into the sea. The pilot, the aircraft, and the were never recovered. It was not until 1989 that revealed the loss of the one-megaton bomb. January 17, 1966: the occurred when a of the collided with a during off the coast of.

The KC-135 was completely destroyed when its fuel load ignited, killing all four crew members. The B-52G broke apart, killing three of the seven crew members aboard. Of the four type the B-52G carried, three were found on land near, Spain. The non-nuclear explosives in two of the weapons detonated upon impact with the ground, resulting in the contamination of a 2-square-kilometer (490-acre) (0.78 square mile) area. The fourth, which fell into the, was recovered intact after a 2½-month-long search.

January 21, 1968: the involved a (USAF). The aircraft was carrying four when a cabin fire forced the crew to abandon the aircraft. Six crew members ejected safely, but one who did not have an was killed while trying to bail out. The bomber crashed onto in, causing the nuclear payload to rupture and disperse, which resulted in widespread. One of the bombs remains lost. September 18–19, 1980: the, occurred in Damascus, Arkansas, where a equipped with a nuclear warhead exploded. The accident was caused by a maintenance man who dropped a socket from a socket wrench down an 80-foot (24 m) shaft, puncturing a fuel tank on the rocket.

Leaking fuel resulted in a fuel explosion, jettisoning the beyond the launch site.Nuclear testing and fallout. This view of downtown shows a in the background. Scenes such as this were typical during the 1950s. From 1951 to 1962 the government conducted 100 atmospheric tests at the nearby.Over 500 atmospheric nuclear weapons tests were conducted at various sites around the world from 1945 to 1980. From nuclear weapons testing was first drawn to public attention in 1954 when the hydrogen bomb test at the contaminated the crew and catch of the Japanese fishing boat.

One of the fishermen died in Japan seven months later, and the fear of contaminated led to a temporary boycotting of the popular staple in Japan. The incident caused widespread concern around the world, especially regarding the effects of and atmospheric, and 'provided a decisive impetus for the emergence of the anti-nuclear weapons movement in many countries'.As public awareness and concern mounted over the possible health hazards associated with exposure to the, various studies were done to assess the extent of the hazard. A / study claims that fallout from atmospheric nuclear tests would lead to perhaps 11,000 excess deaths among people alive during atmospheric testing in the United States from all forms of cancer, including leukemia, from 1951 to well into the 21st century.As of March 2009, the U.S.

Is the only nation that compensates nuclear test victims. Since the of 1990, more than $1.38 billion in compensation has been approved. The money is going to people who took part in the tests, notably at the, and to others exposed to the radiation.In addition, leakage of byproducts of nuclear weapon production into groundwater has been an ongoing issue, particularly at the. Effects of nuclear explosions. A photograph of 's back injuries taken in January 1946 by a U.S. Marine photographerSome scientists estimate that a nuclear war with 100 Hiroshima-size nuclear explosions on cities could cost the lives of tens of millions of people from long term climatic effects alone. The climatology hypothesis is that if each city, a great deal of soot could be thrown up into the atmosphere which could blanket the earth, cutting out sunlight for years on end, causing the disruption of food chains, in what is termed a.People near the Hiroshima explosion and who managed to survive the explosion subsequently suffered a variety of medical effects:.

Initial stage—the first 1–9 weeks, in which are the greatest number of deaths, with 90% due to thermal injury and/or blast effects and 10% due to super-lethal exposure. Intermediate stage—from 10–12 weeks.

The deaths in this period are from in the median lethal range –. Late period—lasting from 13–20 weeks.

This period has some improvement in survivors' condition. Delayed period—from 20+ weeks. Characterized by numerous complications, mostly related to healing of thermal and mechanical injuries, and if the individual was exposed to a few hundred to a thousand of radiation, it is coupled with infertility, sub-fertility and blood disorders. Demonstration against nuclear testing in, France, in the 1980s.Peace movements emerged in Japan and in 1954 they converged to form a unified 'Japanese Council Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs'.

Japanese opposition to nuclear weapons tests in the Pacific Ocean was widespread, and 'an estimated 35 million signatures were collected on petitions calling for bans on nuclear weapons'.In the United Kingdom, the first organised by the (CND) took place at 1958, when, according to the CND, several thousand people marched for four days from, London, to the close to in, England, to demonstrate their opposition to nuclear weapons. The Aldermaston marches continued into the late 1960s when tens of thousands of people took part in the four-day marches.In 1959, a letter in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists was the start of a successful campaign to stop the dumping in the sea 19 kilometres from.

In 1962, won the for his work to stop the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons, and the 'Ban the Bomb' movement spread.In 1963, many countries ratified the prohibiting atmospheric nuclear testing. Radioactive fallout became less of an issue and the anti-nuclear weapons movement went into decline for some years. A resurgence of interest occurred amid European and American in the 1980s. Costs and technology spin-offs. Main article:Peaceful nuclear explosions are conducted for non-military purposes, such as activities related to including the creation of. During the 1960s and 1970s, both the United States and the Soviet Union conducted a number of PNEs.

Six of the explosions by the Soviet Union are considered to have been of an applied nature, not just tests.Subsequently, the United States and the Soviet Union halted their programs. Definitions and limits are covered in the Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty of 1976. The of 1996, once it enters into force, will prohibit all nuclear explosions, regardless of whether they are for peaceful purposes or not. History of development.

Popular Mechanics. October 1945. Pp. 18–19. Specifically the 1970 to 1980 designed and deployed US, with a yield of up to 1.2 megatons. Archived from on September 19, 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2007. Total number of deaths is not known precisely.

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San Antonio, TX: Aerofax, 1988; and the more-updated Hansen, Chuck, ' December 30, 2016, at the ' (CD-ROM & download available). 2,600 pages, Sunnyvale, California, Chuklea Publications, 1995, 2007. (2nd Ed.). and Kimberly Kramer (August 22, 2005). (PDF) from the original on January 3, 2012.

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Retrieved March 7, 2007. U.S. Department of Energy, September 24, 2015, at the (January 1, 2002), accessed November 20, 2011. ^ Gsponer, Andre (2005). 'Fourth Generation Nuclear Weapons: Military effectiveness and collateral effects'.

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– contains many resources related to nuclear weapons, including a historical and technical overview and searchable bibliography of web and print resources. Video archive of at.

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– located in Albuquerque, New Mexico; a Smithsonian Affiliate Museum. at AtomicArchive.com. (U.S. Nuclear history)., PBS website on the history of the H-bomb. or NPIHP is a global network of individuals and institutions engaged in the study of international nuclear history through archival documents, oral history interviews and other empirical sources. – a 3D nuclear weapons effects simulator powered by Google Maps.